家畜、家禽及其产品铁路运输兽医检疫办法

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家畜、家禽及其产品铁路运输兽医检疫办法

河北省人民政府


家畜、家禽及其产品铁路运输兽医检疫办法
河北省人民政府



第一条:为了加强家畜、家禽(以下简称畜、禽)及其产品铁路运输检疫,防止籍铁路运输传播、蔓延疫病,保障人畜健康,铁路运输安全及畜牧业生产的发展,特制定本办法。
第二条:凡在北京铁路局、太原铁路局所管辖各站,经铁路运输(发送、到达)的畜、禽及其产品,必须由铁路兽医检疫机关进行检疫。
第三条:本规定所指的畜、禽及其产品系:
牛、马、驴、骡、骆驼、羊、猪、犬、免、禽类及种蛋、密蜂、野生动物、演艺动物、试验动物及鱼苗(种)等。
生皮、毛类、肉类、脏器、油脂、血、骨、蹄、角等。
第四条:本规定所指的畜禽疫病系:
炭疽、牛瘟、口蹄疫、气肿疽、巴氏杆菌病、布氏杆菌病、钩端螺旋体病、螨病;猪瘟、猪丹毒、猪喘气病、猪传染性水泡病、猪传染性萎缩性鼻炎、猪密螺旋体痢疾、仔猪付伤寒、弓形体病、囊尾幼病;牛肺疫、牛传染性鼻气管炎、牛结核、牛血孢子虫病;羊痘、羊快疫、羊肠毒血
症、羔羊痢疾;马传染性贫血、马鼻疽、马血孢子虫病、马流行性淋巴管炎、马传染性胸膜炎、马传染性脑脊髓炎、马腺疫、马传染性结膜炎、角膜炎;鸡新城疫、鸡立克氏病、鸡白痢、鸭瘟;狂犬病,蜜蜂的幼虫腐烂病、囊状幼虫病、蜂螨及孢子虫病;鱼的鳃霉菌病、鱼病毒性出血性败
血病等。
在本规定未列入的疫病,由各省、市根据具体疫病流行情况另行规定。
第五条:发货人在托运畜、禽及其产品时,须提前三天报检,并做好待检准备。应在持有县以上调运证明,兽医检疫机关签发的产地检疫证明,非疫区证明及某些特定疫病注射证明后,向启运地的铁路兽医检疫机关办理检疫事宜。
第六条:铁路兽医检疫机关应根据货主的报检,进行各项检疫。经检疫消毒合格后,发给检疫证明书。
第七条:铁路部门凭有效期间内的铁路兽医签发的检疫证明书,验查货证相符后,方可承运。否则,不予办理。
发货人须将检疫证明书号码,记载在货物运单“发货人记载事项”栏内。发站核实后,;加盖车站日期戳。
第八条:在无疫病流行,检疫部门亦未提出检疫要求时,凡属下列情况之一者,均可直接办理承运手续。
(1)持有军运代号部队移防发运的牲畜或持有军队兽医检疫证明者。
(2)持有迁移证办理搬家的畜禽及其产品。
(3)五头以内的仔猪,二十只以内的家禽;二十公斤以内畜禽产品。
第九条:铁路部门对运输的畜禽及其产品,应按《铁路货物运输规程》的规定,拨配适当车辆以保安全运输。
第十条:运输畜禽时,发货人必须配备押运人员或随行兽医,沿途不得随意抛弃粪便、污物,发现病、死畜禽时,不得抛弃、宰杀、出卖。应立即向车长报告,在指定站甩下,并通知管内铁路兽医诊断处理,有关部门共同编制普通记录,分别保存,车站应电告发、到站,并转告收货人

第十一条:车站接到畜禽及其产品到达予报后,必须立即通知兽医检疫机关,及时进行验证,必要时可进行检疫,如卸车三小时后,铁路兽医未能到达现场,可允许离开货场。但未经铁路兽医检疫的畜、禽及其产品,车站应做出去向、数量记录并通知管内铁路兽医,以便追查补检。
第十二条:在检疫过程中,发现病畜及污染、变质的畜产品时,铁路兽医协同有关部门监督发(收)货人,按防疫卫生要求妥善处理。
第十三条:凡装运畜禽及其产品的车辆卸车后,对车辆的清扫、消毒按《货规》第27条规定办理。清扫下来的粪便、污物等,应由收货人在指定地点进行无害处理。但在发现病、死畜禽时,应进行严格消毒处理,由收(发)货人支付费用。
第十四条:铁路部门对开展铁路兽医检疫工作的公用乘车证、通讯方面给予保障。办公用房等应在可能情况下,尽力提供方便。其所需要费用各单位按铁路规定支付。

附件:关于铁路兽医检疫实施办法
一、发送检疫
1、家畜、家禽。
(一)猪:根据当地疫病流行情况,主要检查猪瘟、猪丹毒、猪肺疫、猪喘气病、口蹄疫、弓形体、猪密螺旋体痢疾、猪传染性萎缩性鼻炎,在检疫时观察其动、静、食欲的变化,必要时进行逐头检疫。
(二)马、骡、驴:以鼻疽、传染性贫血病为常规检疫项目。鼻疽以鼻疽菌素点眼、传染性贫血病为琼脂凝胶扩散检验。
(三)牛:牛口蹄疫、牛肺疫、布氏杆菌病为常规检疫项目。但种牛、奶牛还须做结核、付结核检疫。
羊:口蹄疫、布氏杆菌病、羊痘、疥癣为常规检疫项目。
(四)禽兔:禽及种蛋以检查鸡新城疫、马立克、鸡霍乱、鸡痘、鸡白痢为主。鸭以巴氏杆菌病、鸭瘟为主。
种兔以巴氏杆菌病、野兔热、球虫病检查为主。其他肉用兔可根据具体情况,确定检疫项目。
(五)水貂:以检查阿留申病、犬瘟热为主。
(六)鱼:以检查霉菌病为主。
(七)蜜蜂:按一九七六年五月五日京革运字(76)第336号、(76)津农字第116号、冀革畜字第12号“河北省、天津市境内铁路运输蜜蜂检疫暂行规定”办理。
2、畜禽产品检疫。
(一)凡经铁路运输的牛皮、马皮、羊皮、驴皮、羔皮、牛犊皮等生皮都必须进行炭疽沉淀反应检验,有条件的地区可协同有关部门进行环氧乙烷消毒。
(二)凡经铁路运输的兽毛(鬃尾),有条件地区应进行炭疽培训检验,无条件的地区可进行包装消毒。
(三)肉类检疫:对肉联厂肉类监督检疫按中央四部“肉品卫生检验试行规程”执行。
(四)骨、角、蹄、羽毛。亦须进行消毒处理后,开具检疫证书。
3、经检疫发现炭疽、口蹄疫、传染性水泡病、牛瘟、气肿疽等烈性和危险性较大的传染病时,不得外运,并及时通知所在地区畜牧兽医部门按规定协同处理,采取相应的防治措施。直至此类疫病被扑灭并宣布解除封锁后,方可外运。
4、经检疫发现猪瘟、猪丹毒、猪肺疫、猪喘气病;鸡新城疫、禽霍乱;马鼻疽、马传染性贫血病、马传染性胸膜炎、马传染性脑脊髓膜炎;牛肺疫、牛羊出血性败血病、羊快疫和各种家畜共患的狂犬病、结核病、付结核病、布氏杆菌病的病畜、禽以及凝似病畜、禽均不外运,并及时
通知所在地区畜牧兽医部门按照规定协同处理。
5、经检疫发现有马腺疫、马传染性结膜炎、角膜炎、破伤风、坏死杆菌病等慢性、良性、散发性传染病时,其病畜交地方畜牧兽医部门隔离治疗,待其痊愈后可外运。
6、整车发运畜禽时,除具有铁路兽医检疫站开具的检疫证明书外,还需有车辆消毒合格证。
7、如遇特殊需要运输病畜禽时,须经省、市畜牧兽医部门批准,方可做条件运输处理。
二、到站检疫
对于到站的畜禽及其产品有下列条件之一者,在卸车后另行检疫:
1、未经铁路兽医检疫机关检疫者;
2、在发站地无铁路兽医机关,亦无地方县以上畜牧兽医机关检疫者;
3、虽经检疫,但其检疫项目不符合本规定要求者;
4、对到后发现有病、死畜禽或当地兽医部门提出要求进行复检者。
三、检出病畜、禽及其产品的处理
凡检出病畜、禽及其产品,应按有关规定进行妥善处理,上报备案。如不能进行处理时,报请主管部门后进行妥善处理。



1983年2月18日
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The Similar And Different Regulations
On Industrial Designs
Between China And Canada
He Zijing

Abstract:
With China entering WTO, more and more Chinese industrial designers want to apply internationally to register their designs outside China. This paper shows you the detailed comparison about regulations concerning industrial designs between China and Canada, gives some suggestions about the process to register internationally to protect Chinese applier. Some hints imposed on the difference between the two countries will help to improve our patent law.
KEYWORDS:
Industrial design, China, Canada
1. General introduction on industrial designs
1.1 What is an industrial design?
1.1.1 Of WIPO
An industrial design is the ornamental of aesthetic aspect of an article. The design may consist of three-dimensional features, such as the shape or surface of an article, or of two-dimensional features, such as patterns, lines or color. Industrial designs are applied to a wide variety of products of industry and handicraft. To be protected under most national laws, an industrial design must appeal to the eye. This means that an industrial design is primarily of an aesthetic nature, and does not protect any technical features of the article to which it is applied.
1.1.2 Of CHINA
Design in the Patent Law means any new design of the shape, the pattern or their combination, or the combination of the color with shape or pattern, of a product with creates an aesthetic feeling and it fits for industrial application.
1.1.3 Of CANADA
Design of industrial design means features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornament and any combination of those features that, in a finished article, appeal to and are judged solely by the eye.
1.2 Other forms of Intellectual Property
In China, Intellectual property can be generally classified as patent, copyright, trademark. Patents, or in other words, inventions-creations, mean inventions, utility models and designs. So that the designs are one of the subdivisions of patents.
Whereas, in Canada, in addition to industrial designs, there other forms of intellectual property, as patents, copyrights, and integrated circuit topographies. Hereby, patents cover new inventions (process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter), or any new and useful improvement of an existing invention. So that industrial designs have the equal statues to patents, as one of the subdivisions of intellectual property.
1.3 Why protect industrial designs?
Industrial designs are what make an article attractive and appealing; hence, they add to the commercial value of a product and increase its marketability.
When an industrial design is protected, the owner-the person or entity that has registered the design-is assured an exclusive right against unauthorized copying or imitation of the design by third parties. This helps to ensure a fair return on investment. An effective system of protection also benefits consumers and the public at large, by promoting fair competition and honest trade practices, encouraging creativity, and promoting more aesthetically attractive product.
Protecting industrial designs helps economic development, by encouraging creativity in the industrial and manufacturing sectors, as well as in the traditional arts and crafts. They contribute to the expansion of commercial activities and the export of national products.
Industrial designs can be relatively simple and inexpensive to develop and protect. They are reasonably accessible to small and medium-sized enterprises as well as to individual artists and craftsmen, in both industrialized and developing countries.
1.4 How can industrial designs be protected?
In most countries, an industrial design must be registered in order to be protected under Industrial Design Law. As for China, the regulations on design are under the Patent Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and its implementing regulations; As for Canada, The Industrial Design Act and Industrial Design Regulations details the regulations that govern design rights. As a general rule, to be registerable, the design must be “new” or “original”. Different countries have varying definitions of such terms, as well as variations in the registration process itself. Generally, “new” means that no identical or very similar design is known to have existed before.
Depending on the particular national law and the kind of design, an industrial design may also be protected as a work of art under copyright.
2.The main difference concerning registration
2.1 When to file an application
There is no time limit for filing an application as long as the design had never been published. The term “published” means that the design has been made public (even to your neighbors) or offered for commercial sale or use anywhere in the world. It is best to file an quickly as possible if publication has occurred.
In china, an design application does not lose its novelty where, within six months before the date of filing, one of the following events occurred: [1] where it was first exhibited at an international exhibition sponsored of recognized by the Chinese Government;[2]where it was first made public at a prescribed academic or technological meeting;[3]when it was disclosed by any person without the consent of the applicant.
In Canada, the design shall be refused to be registered if the application is filed more than one year after the publication of the design in Canada of somewhere.
2.2 who can apply?
Only the proprietor of a design may apply for and obtain registration for an industrial design both in China and Canada, while there exists little difference between the two countries on the question that who can be defined as proprietor.[1] usually you are considered the proprietor if you have created the design;[2] if you work together with other person to creat a design, you should file for registration as joint proprietors ( unless you are all working under contract or commission );[3] if you have acquired ownership of a design, then you may apply;[4] if you are employee of a company and develop design as part of your employment, then the employer may be the proprietor. In that case, only the employer may apply in Canada; while in china, the entity and the inventor or creator may enter into a contract in which the right to apply for and own the exclusive right is provided for;[5] if you have been hired under contract to develop design for someone else, then that person is the proprietor and is the only one entitled to apply for registration in Canada; whereas in that case in China, the right to apply for registration belongs, unless otherwise agreed upon, to the entity or individual that made the design.
2.3 What requirements to make designs registerable?
In Canada, the minister shall register the design if the minister finds that it is not identical with or dose not so closely resemble any other design already registered as to be confounded therewith, and shall return to the proprietor thereof the drawing or photograph and description with the certificate required.
In China, any design for which patent fight may be granted must not be identical with and similar to any design which, before the date of falling has been publicly disclosed in publications in the country or abroad or has been publicly used in the country, and must not be in conflict with any prior right of any other person.
2.4 What you cannot register?
In Canada, you cannot register the following under the Industrial Design Act: [1] Designs that are utilitarian only and which are not intended to provide visual appeal; [2] Designs that have no fixed appearance; [3] Designs for components that are not clearly visible; [4] a method of construction; [5] an idea; [6] materials used in the construction of an article; [7] the useful function of the article; or [8] color.
In China, for any of the following, no patent right shall be granted: [1] scientific discoveries;[2] rules and methods for mental activities;[3] methods for diagnoses or for the treatment for the diseases;[4] animal and plant varieties;[5] substances obtained by means of nuclear transformation.
From the above regulations, we can see that the Chinese regulations is more generic for all of the three types of creation-inventions; and the Canadian’s is more special in detail on designs. So we should absorb some of them in our implementing regulations of patent law.
2.5 searching of office record prior to filing an application
Prior to filing an application, you may wish to conduct a search of office records in order to better determine whether your design is truly new and original. This will give you the opportunity to see other registered designs. You should also keep your design confidential.
2.6 How long the process takes?
In Canada, the Office dose not register any design until six months after the date of filing. Normally it takes between eight and twelve months to have your application examined. While in china, there is no such kind of provisions concerning the term of process of designs.
2.7 Duration of protection
Both in the two countries, duration of protection of industrial designs is for ten-year term, while the beginning date is quite different. In Canada, it is the date of registration-usually six months after the date of filing; in china, it is the date of filing. Once the ten-year term has expired, anyone is free to make, import, rent or sell etc., the designs.
2.8 Extension of protection
In Canada, your application must include a description which identifies the features that constitute the design since the court may use your description to help determine the limits of protection for your design, you should word your description with care and precision. If your description is too broad, you may over-extend the scope of the design, and it may be impossible to enforce. If it is too narrow, you may limit the scope of the design or leave out features that you intended to protect.
从退补情况析公诉引导侦查取证机制

北京市顺义区人民检察院 卢桂荣、郭小锋

【内容摘要】本文通过实证研究,发现刑事司法实践中存在大量退回补充侦查和侦查部门撤回案件的现象,进而发现与侦查部门的侦查意识、态度和谋略相关。因此,通过对问题的深入研究,需求解决这一问题的对策,也即公诉引导侦查取证。
【关键词】 补充侦查 一次退补 二次退补 公诉引导侦查


为更好地适应庭审改革对公诉证据的要求,积极探索“侦、检”配合的新举措,我院公诉处对近两年来受理侦查部门移送审查起诉案件的退补情况进行调研、分析,以求提高办案效率。
一、两年来退补案件的分析
(一)基本情况
2001年顺义检察院共受理侦查部门移送审查起诉案件468件[1],其中退补案件95件(包括侦查部门撤案或建议侦查部门撤案11件)占22.9%:一次退补案件78件;二次退补案件17件。2002年我院共受理侦查部门移送审查起诉案件611件,其中退补案件187件(包括侦查部门撤案或建议侦查部门撤案25件)占30.5%:一次退补案件148件;二次退补案件39件。
数据表明:司法实践中,退补案件无论绝对值还是相对值均呈现上升态势。
(二)基本特点
1、从补充侦查事项上看,多而集中。在2002年退补的187起案件中,绝大部分要求补充侦查的事项为犯罪嫌疑人身份证明、赃物移送、证人证言、抓获经过以及排除证据矛盾,而就法律手续、法律程序、强制措施等方面要求补充侦查事项相对较少。
2、从补充侦查案件类型来看,一人多起、多人多起案件较多。在2001年退补的95起案件中,其中58起是属于一人多起或者多人多起案件,占61.05%。因为此类案件相对于一人一起的案件比较复杂,难免会顾此失彼。
3、从补充侦查案件性质来看,多为抢劫、盗窃、故意伤害、强奸案件。2001年退补的95起案件中有67起为该四类案件,而2002年退补的187起案件中有134起为该四类案件。
4、从补充侦查质量来看,一次补侦质量较高,二次补侦质量相对较低。2001年经一次补充侦查起诉的为82.11%,2002年经一次补充侦查起诉的为79.14%;2001年经二次补充侦查起诉的为29.41%,2002年经一次补充侦查起诉的为35.89%。
(三)具体特征
1、一次退补具体特征
一是事实清楚,主要证据充分,缺少辅助证据材料。如赃物未随案移送、未附送身份证明材料、缺少抓获经过等。根据公诉部门证据标准,此证据材料直接与案件定性相关联,如身份证明材料证实犯罪嫌疑人的刑事责任年龄[2],而在某些案件中刑事责任年龄决定罪与非罪、罪轻与罪重。因此,要求侦查部门进行补侦,既是保护诉讼参与人合法权益的要求,更是公正执法的需要。
二是事实不清,主要证据不足。尤其在共同犯罪中,仅有同案犯罪嫌疑人口供,虽供述趋向一致,但无相应物证、书证或视听资料加以印证情况,一般要退回侦查部门补充侦查。例如,高某、路某、李某涉嫌职务侵占一案,三犯罪嫌疑人所作供述能够相互印证,但缺少相关的帐目、对帐单、收据凭证等书证材。此种情况,不符合提起公诉标准,因此需要退回侦查部门进行补充侦查。
三是事实不清,证据不足。主要表现为:在多人、多起的复杂案件中,犯罪嫌疑人前后供述矛盾、同案犯之间供述不一致以及口供与证人证言之间矛盾的情况较多。例如,我们办理崔某等人抢劫、盗窃案时发现,在案卷中存在同一时间、同一地点李某分别同崔某和田某盗窃摩托车的供述,又有证据证实崔某与田某根本不相识也没有共同实施盗窃行为,故存在明显矛盾,而侦查部门对此未加以排除直接移送检察机关。
四是个别承办人将退补作为缓解工作压力的手段,即以退补为由借用侦查机关的办案期限来缓解工作压力的现象。因为按照刑诉法第140条规定,人民检察院审查案件,对于需要补充侦查的,可以退回公安机关补充侦查,也可以自行侦查。而对于补充侦查的案件,应当在一个月以内补充侦查完毕。补充侦查以二次为限。这样,在案件数量多的情况下,容易导致个别办案人员随意行使退查自由裁量权。
2、二次退补具体特征
一是补侦质量不高,退而不查,或查而不清。表现为:一方面侦查人员未按照退补提纲要求进行补侦,可以找的证人不去找、可以查的物证、书证不去查,往往以“查不清,找不到”为由,用工作说明来敷衍;另一方面虽进行了补侦,但不到位,反局限于机械地询问证人,补查的书证内容不清,证明力弱[3]。例如张某某等人强奸案,检察机关制作的退补提纲中明确要求补侦案发当晚在现场的证人证言材料,以证实行为人的犯罪事实。但从侦查部门补查重报的材料看,证人所言要么不清楚,要么轻描淡写,其证明力极弱。
二是形式大于内容,为补侦而补侦。侦查部门往往根据公诉部门制作的退补提纲,象征性地开出补侦“药方”。在李某等人涉嫌寻衅滋事案的补侦卷中,我们看到,一侦查员从9:50--17:50几乎没间断地在询问证人,而且在14:20--15:50和14:10--16:10的两份询问笔录中均有该侦查员签字,违背了基本的取证形式合法性原则。
三是侦查部门补侦不能,坚持重报。由于侦查人员在初查中,缺乏针对性、系统性,错过了固定证据的最佳时机,随着时间推移,有些证据材料即使补充侦查证据也难以收集,甚至不能收集。例如邢某故意伤害案,在案卷移送审查起诉之前,被害人张某其前后3次陈述存在明显矛盾以及在场证人施某证言也是前后矛盾,侦查人员没有及时核实并补充证据。由于时间推移,记忆模糊甚至遗忘,故两次退回公安机关均于事无补。
(四)主要原因
1、侦查队伍结构变化和侦查机构内部改革所致
从顺义区刑侦人员的年龄上看,近年来刑侦人员队伍结构趋于年轻化,活力强、干劲足,应该说这种变化在保障人民的安全和促进社会的稳定方面具有不可低估的作用。但由于其程序意识、证据意识、庭审意识相对较弱,实践中存在案件告破但质量不高的现象。从侦查机关内部机构改革上看,2001年年终,顺义区公安分局进行机构改革,实行侦查、预审合一。过去预审担负着案件深掘和公诉前置的职能,一定程度上保证了侦查的质量;现在“侦审一体化”寓预审于侦查中,改革的初衷是为避免取证的盲目性、无序性,但根据我院2001年和2002年两年来案件退补情况分析,侦审一体化的工作模式仍亟待完善。虽然在2002年下半年,又成立了预审大队,但在人员配合,财、物保障上仍不理想,影响了预审功能的发挥。
2、侦查机关缺乏必要的奖惩量化考核制度
从公安机关关于干警奖惩量化考核制度规定上看,案件侦破常与侦查人员奖惩直接挂钩,而与最终能否提起公诉联系并不大。经济杠杆无形中导致侦查人员形成“重破案,轻审查”的思维模式,影响了证据收集和固定的质量。
3、庭审制度改革,确立“证据为中心”庭审模式
从法院庭审改革来看,新的庭审模式强化了控方的举证责任。在庭审过程中,公诉人要围绕起诉书所指控的事实、罪名全面举证,并就证据是否真实、充分,来源是否合法等问题,与被告人及辩护人展开法庭辩论。如果法庭认为证据不足,可以当庭作无罪判决。这无疑增加公诉人指控的难度,故而公诉人在审查起诉时要严格依照起诉条件,对证据的关联性、真实性、充分性以及来源的合法性进行全面、认真地审查。
4、侦查人员证据意识、侦查意识和责任意识不强
从移送的案卷材料来看,“人证”仍是侦查的中心。而“人证就像水上的浮萍,物证、书证却能够固定浮萍”,但在刑事侦查实践中,侦查员往往对物证和书证重视程度不够,尤其表现为物证的提取过程。例如在故意杀人案件中,行为人用刀将被害人杀害,刀在现场,并且刀上粘有被害人的血液。侦查步骤应为:第一步提取刀上指纹,进行鉴定,将行为人和此刀联系起来;第二步鉴定刀上的血液,将被害人和此刀联系起来;第三步对此刀进行妥善保管,以备当庭出示。但我们在办案中发现,目前侦查实践针对此类案件通行的做法是讯问犯罪嫌疑人刀的特征,收集相关证人证言以及随案移送的刀,未能体现出此刀的特殊性。此外,在提取刀时忽视了物证的提取形式和必要保全:多人直接触摸,甚至有的锈迹斑斑。这样,如何能够起到证明作用?
从侦查讯问的技巧上看,直接和诱导方式时有发生。如“当时,你手里没拿工具?”与“当时,你手里有没有拿工具?”不一样。行为人正在犹豫交代之际,经侦查员的诱导提醒立即否认,反映出侦查人员的侦查意识、侦查思路不明。
从卷宗笔录和《起诉意见书》的制作上看,有些多人、多起案件的卷宗笔录和《起诉意见书》较为零乱。审查起诉此类案件时,不得不在理清头绪上耗费大量时间,因为部分案卷并不是按讯问或询问的先后顺序来装订,移送的案件事实也不是根据时间发生的先后顺序加以列举。在某种意义上,也体现出侦查人员的责任意识不是很强,抱有对检察机关的依赖心理。
5、侦查部门对审查批捕工作的误解
侦查部门对审查批捕工作的误解主要表现为两种倾向:一是将侦查监督部门对犯罪嫌疑人的批准逮捕标准视为公诉标准,不再注重案件证据的进一步审查,直接移送公诉部门;二是将侦查监督部门对犯罪嫌疑人批准逮捕的罪名等同于起诉罪名,即便原先对罪名有不同的认定,也完全依照侦查监督部门的意见收集证据,对案件可能涉及其他罪名的证据不再收集[4]。实质上诉讼各阶段对证据要求的标准、等级是不一样的,随着诉讼的不断深入对证据的要求也相应越来越高。例如张某抢劫案,侦查监督部门以故意杀人和抢劫两罪名批准逮捕后,公安机关也即以故意杀人和抢劫两个罪名移送至公诉部门。经认真审查发现,依据公诉的证据标准和所有的证据材料应定张某抢劫罪。这种情况说明侦查部门在收集证据时,起诉意识、庭审意识有所欠缺。
二、公诉引导侦查的必要性及分析
(一)对公诉引导侦查的法理分析
在刑事诉讼中,侦查部门与公诉部门共同履行追诉职能即“大控方”的角色。
一是从诉讼阶段上看,侦查环节处于诉讼的起始阶段,其特征为:收集、固定证据能力较强,但远离审判阶段,把握证据要求能力相对较弱;公诉环节处于诉讼的中间阶段,其特征为:收集、固定证据能力弱于侦查环节,因衔接审判环节,具有较强的证据把握能力。若将侦查环节的侦查优势和公诉环节把握证据标准能力的强项有机结合起来,一方面可以克服侦查证据的盲目性、无序性和不稳定性以及司法资源浪费的现状,另一方面也体现“检、警一体化”的大控诉模式。
二是从诉讼流程上看,侦查部门负责“提出主张”,公诉部门负责“证明主张”,其目的和任务具有同一性。侦查部门收集证据直接为公诉作准备,而公诉部门代表国家提起公诉也离不开侦查的证据材料,共同承担诉讼的风险。因此,从此意义上讲,侦查与公诉是一体的。
三是从侦查制度的来源看,侦查制度的独立源于国家公力救济的垄断。在国家公力救济之前,其侵权行为[5](含概违法犯罪行为)诉讼方式是双方当事人必须亲自到场,原则上不得委托他人代理[6]的私人救济,侦查与起诉均由当事人自己完成。随着私刑权的禁止和国家对刑罚权的垄断,侦查与公诉相对分离开来,成为独立的部门。据此可知,侦查与公诉的一体化具有历史渊源。
(二)对公诉引导侦查的现实分析
1、公诉引导侦查是新型检警关系的需要
目前司法实践的现状以“侦查为中心”的流水线型诉讼构造,决定了检察机关不但无权主导侦查,还要受制于侦查部门[7]。在这种诉讼构造下,检察机关对侦查活动难以进行有效的动态监督,而侦查部门也困于提供优势的动态协作。现行诉讼构造和侦控模式的缺陷表明,必须对其进行改革。而改革的方向应由“侦查为中心”变为“审判为中心”、由“检察机关不主导侦查”变为“检察机关主导侦查”。这种新型的诉讼结构和侦控模式,有效地监督侦查活动,强化检警互动协作。